In the chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation, etc. 3 Types of Chain in Surveying. Offset Rod 6. Chain: Chains are formed at straight links of galvanized mild steel wire bent into rings at the ends and joined each other by three small circular or oval wire rings. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. The chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller. 1. Ranging rod. Chains are the measuring instrument used in surveying formed by the 100 links of 4mm galvanized mild steel wire. These links are joined by 3 circular or oval wire rings. These rings provide the flexibility to the chains. Every aspect of the life requires some measuring units. Measurements are used to do the work precisely and accurately. Surveying is a very important part of Civil Engineering. Chain Metric chain Steel band chain Gnters Chain Revenue Chain Engineers chain 2. Surveying is the scientific technique to determine the position of points and angles & distances between them. Introduction Chain surveying is the branch of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. The chain is used to measure the distance on the ground.It gives much more accurate measurement as compared to tape.. A chain is a surveying instrument that is made up of The surveyor inspects the area to be surveyed, survey or prepares index sketch or key plan.
5. 4. Theodolite Surveying: In this surveying, a theodolite (a surveying instrument) is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles. These rings provide the flexibility to the chains. Chain or Tape. Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial two-dimensional or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. Surveyor's chain. H .TANDON for the civil engineering students. Reading time: 1 minuteChains are the measuring instrument used in surveying formed by the 100 links of 4mm galvanized mild steel wire. The word chainage is still used in surveying today, even though measurement methods have improved with technological advances. Equipments Used for Chain Survey (cont.) Chain . The process of surveying is used to fulfill various purposes. Plumb bob. Pegs. It took several decades before instruments were being constructed in the colonies for use by the local surveyors. Pegs. 5. Prism (surveying) (corner cube retroreflector) Prismatic compass (angle measurement) Ramsden surveying instruments. Transit type traversing a)By fast needle method b)By measurement of angles between the lines. In chain surveying only linear measurements are made i.e. Instruments used in Surveying Instruments Used for Measuring Distance: 1. Geodetic Surveying. 1962 and 1967. Ranging Rods 5. a) All types of ground b) Fairly leved ground c) Uneven ground d) Lands contains huge numbers of details. The following are the principal methods: Chain traversing. At every centimeter a black line 8 to 10 mm in height is marked. Chain Metric chain Steel band chain Gnters Chain Revenue Chain Engineers chain 2. 4. The main purpose of surveying in civil engineering is to determine the three-dimensional relationships between different locations. Types of Measuring Tapes in Surveying . Instrument # 1. Wooden or Iron Pegs. Ranging rod. Instruments used for direct linear measurements include the Gunter's chain (known Traverse Surveying. 1st edition published in 1892. Offset Rods. Surveyor's compass. Tape. Methods of Traversing. ENGINEERS' SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS: THEIR CONSTRUCTION, ADJUSTMENT AND USE. Adjustable cross staff. Chain and compass traversing. By: Haseeb Jamal / On: Jan 17, 2017 / Surveying Equipment. 3. They are the metric chain, Gunters chain, engineers chain, revenue chain and steel band or band chain. The tape is made of yarn and metal wire. 20m chain 100 links. Every 5 centimeters is marked with an arrow in black. Chain or The whole of the work is done with the chain and tape. Civil surveying is an engineering operation that involves assessing and recording details about an area of land. by Ira O. Baker, C.E. All by A.W. Chain, 20m or 30m long; Tape; Arrows; Ranging rods; Wooden or Iron Pegs; Plumb bob; Cross staff; Chain used for Surveying. The range available with us is manufactured using premium grade raw material and tested severely for compliance with all existing national and international quality standards. Theodolite Surveying: The theodolite is an instrument that is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles. To mark the position of the end of the chain or tape on the ground. Watts theodolites is mainly used for: Surveying and engineering work; Measuring angular values in a traverse or network Geodetic Surveying. Tape. The equipment required in chain surveying includes the following: (i) A chain with a set of ten arrows. (iii) About one dozen ranging rods (the Instruments used in Chain Survey. Surveying Instruments used in Chaining Instruments used in Chaining The following instruments are required for measurements with chain and tape: (i) Arrows (ii) Pegs (iii) Ranging rods and Surveying Lecture 1. One is the 20m length and other is 30m length chain is divided into 2Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk) 3. The chain is composed of 100 or 150 Instruments used in Surveying Instruments Used for Measuring Distance: 1. Chain Surveying is suitable for. Use. Instruments used in Chain Survey. Instruments Used in Chain Surveying Some of the main instruments that are used in chain surveying are: 1. Is that type of surveying in which the shape of the earth is taken into account. 3.1 Metric Chain. The principle of chain survey is Minor Instruments in Surveying MCQ Survey Engineering. Chain surveying, Instruments used in Chain surveying, Measuring instruments Marking instruments Metric chain Non metric chain Gunders chain Revenue chain Engineers chain Steel band Tape Pegs Ranging Rod Ranging poles Cross Staff Arrows. 1 links 20cm. 6.Cross Staffs 6. Analog or digital tape measures are often used for measurement of smaller distances. Survey Compass can be used as a simple compass in your pocket or use the augmented reality view to determine the bearing and elevation of objects in the distance. O is the point on the chain line MN where a perpendicular line is to be erected. The principle of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton framework of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are pre-determined either with a chain or a surveying tape. These observations can then be used to help plan construction projects. To indicate whether the line is vertical or not. #1. The original use of chainage in surveying involved very low technology a chain of 100 links. The latter is provided with 10 iron spikes (called arrows) with which The following instruments are required for measurements with chain and tape: [1] ARROWS When the length of the line to be measured is more than a chain length, there is 30m chain 150 links. 5. Range Rod (Ranging Rod). The following pdf lecture is created by GAURAV. There are two varieties of metric chains. Used for determining distance a linear measurement. Ranging rods 4 Nos. The following is a list of antique surveying instruments and tools with a brief and basic description of how they were used. 4. Original Chainage Method. 3.1.2.5 Setups Whenever possible, the instrument should be used in areas where operation is not dangerous to the instrument operator or the instrument. This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard. Ppt topographical survey nadi palmex co Chain Surveying Powerpoint Presentation Id 5625040 . Prism (surveying) (corner cube retroreflector) Prismatic compass (angle measurement) Ramsden surveying instruments. 1. Since triangle is the only figure that can be plotted with measurement of sides only, in chain surveying the area to be surveyed should be covered with a network of triangles. 15 Equipment For Chain Survey Survey Engineering. 2 Parts of Chains used in Surveying. Compass Surveying 3. Suitable for surveys of small extent on open ground. Pegs 4 Nos. Chain surveying is the branch of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. Triangulation is the principle of chain surveying. Metric surveying chains. Instrument used for chain surveying. Surveying is primarily utilised to fix the national and state boundaries, chart coastlines, A chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. Cloth or linen tape These triangles should Instruments used in surveying operations to measure vertical angles, horizontal angles, and distance. e are manufacturers, suppliers and exporters of a wide range of Chain Surveying Instruments. 2. Surveying is basically conducted for measuring the linear parameters as well as the angular parameters for the establishment of points by means of which the plans and maps can be prepared. Hammer. Q: ) If W is the weight of the chain, L is the span and P is the tension or pull, then the sag correction of chain line will be: Q: ) The hypotenuse allowance (in m) For 30 m long chain, if Plumbing Fork and Bob. Chain, 20m or 30m long; Tape; Arrows; Ranging rods; Wooden or Iron Pegs; Plumb bob; Cross staff; Chain used for Surveying. It derives its name from the fact that the principle equipment commonly
Offset Rods. Arrows. Arrows (chain Clarification: There can be 5 types of chains used for chain surveying. These links are joined by 3 circular or oval wire rings. Ranging Rods. 1) is made up of connected steel segments, or links, which each measure 20 cm. A metal ring is attached to the outer end of tapes. This video describe or explain about the various types of instruments used in chain surveying Every aspect of the life requires some measuring units. The length of the tape includes the metal ring. Distance is measured by mechanical devices (chain or steel tape) or by electronic means. P and Q are two points at equal distances from O. the distance between OP and OQ can be conveniently chosen. Arrows 10 Nos. Commonly used for measuring fields in cadastral Survey. Electronic Theodolite. The whole process of plane table surveying depends on the setup of the plane table in the right position. It is based on the same principles as the optical square and is used in same manner. Rs 45,000/ Unit.
As follows. Instruments Used in Chain Surveying (Survey Instruments) The necessary requirements for field work are Arrows (Arrows in Surveying) Chain or Tape Hammer Offset Rods Offset Rods Measurements are used to [] Arrows (Arrows in Surveying). Instruments for this purpose were initially imported from England and a lesser amount from the European continent. Chain Surveying Ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. For locating a number of points on a long survey line. It therefore, involves spherical trigonometry. Classify surveying based on instrument used. Tachymeter (surveying) Tape (surveying) Tellurometer. It is necessary for making map, planning a project etc. Equipment used in chain surveying. The chain is made up of steel wire which is divided into links and togs (rings) to facilitate folding. It has brass handles at both ends for easy handling. The link is 0.2m or 200mm in diameter. The length is 20m or 30m. In survey, a theodolite is an instrument mounted with a moveable telescope, used for precise measurements of horizontal and vertical angles. What Instruments are Used in Chain Surveying? 2. page 1643 new york cash money team lottery post. #1. There are several types of instruments used to set out a right angle to a chain line, the most common being Cross staff, Optical square and Prism square. Surveying with a chain/tape. There are three types of cross staff namely. Arrows 3. Different methods and instruments are being used to facilitate the work of surveying. Chain, 20m or 30m long. no angular Last modified: Thursday, 28 April 2011, 8:48 AM. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Leveling work The chain is driven by two chainmen called, respectively, the Backman (follower) and the Foreman (leader). With neat sketches, write a brief note on the following instruments used in chain surveying 30 m chain Ranging rod Cross staff Line range. Ranging rods. instrument from the case, carefully grip it with both hands, but do not grip the vertical circle standard or where pressure will be exerted on tubular or circular level vials. 3.2 Steel Band or Band Chain. Unit 1- Surveying. These rings offer flexibility to the chain. Equipment Used for Chain Surveying The various instruments that are used to determine the length of line by chaining The major instruments used for chain surveying is measuring chain. CE6304 SURVEYING I TWO MARKS UNIT-I FUNDAMENTALS AND CHAIN SURVEYING 1. Open cross staff. Links of chain are made by OBJECTIVE: To chain around the building to cover small area by chain triangulation INSTRUMENTS: Chain 20m / 30m 1 No. 3. The type of survey which involves a number of connected survey lines and form a frame work is called traverse surveying.. Chain: Chain is the most basic and vital instrument used for chain surveying. The following instruments are used while chaining: The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire called links, joined together with oval rings and handles at both ends. The end of each link are bent into a loop and connected together by means of three oval rings. lab #3: survey of an area by chain survey (closed traverse) 8 lab #4: chaining across obstacles 10 lab #5: chain surveying (mapping by tape) 15 lab #6: study of level and levelling staff 18 lab #7: differential or fly levelling reduce levels by h.i method 22 lab # 8: differential or fly levelling reduce levels by rise and fall method 24 Uses of Surveying Chain Surveying Instruments. It requires no adjustment, since the angle between reflecting surface In surveying, measurements may be made directly, electronically, by the use of optical instruments, by computations from known lines and angles, or by combination methods. 3. The main pieces of surveying equipment in use around the world are the following: theodolite, measuring tape, total station, 3D scanners, GPS/GNSS, level and rod. Based on the instrument used; surveys can be classified into; i) Chain tape surveys ii) Compass surveys iii) Plane table surveys iv) Theodolite surveys Here only linear measurements are made i.e. Prism Pole. Chains or tapes are used to measure distances on the field. Chain Surveying 1.0. Purposes to define Tapes are made of different materials: 1. French cross staff. are done in the office. Plain Table Surveying 4. Define surveying and list out its various classification. Surveying is classified based on various criteria including the instruments used, purpose, the area surveyed and the method used. 12/17/2017 SURVEYING and LEVELLING 49 INSTRUMENTS FOR SETTING RIGHT ANGLES For taking right-angled offsets, instruments used are cross staff, optical square, prism square.
1966. CHECK OUT Chain Surveying - Instruments used in Chaining .
5. 4. Theodolite Surveying: In this surveying, a theodolite (a surveying instrument) is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles. These rings provide the flexibility to the chains. Chain or Tape. Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial two-dimensional or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. Surveyor's chain. H .TANDON for the civil engineering students. Reading time: 1 minuteChains are the measuring instrument used in surveying formed by the 100 links of 4mm galvanized mild steel wire. The word chainage is still used in surveying today, even though measurement methods have improved with technological advances. Equipments Used for Chain Survey (cont.) Chain . The process of surveying is used to fulfill various purposes. Plumb bob. Pegs. It took several decades before instruments were being constructed in the colonies for use by the local surveyors. Pegs. 5. Prism (surveying) (corner cube retroreflector) Prismatic compass (angle measurement) Ramsden surveying instruments. Transit type traversing a)By fast needle method b)By measurement of angles between the lines. In chain surveying only linear measurements are made i.e. Instruments used in Surveying Instruments Used for Measuring Distance: 1. Geodetic Surveying. 1962 and 1967. Ranging Rods 5. a) All types of ground b) Fairly leved ground c) Uneven ground d) Lands contains huge numbers of details. The following are the principal methods: Chain traversing. At every centimeter a black line 8 to 10 mm in height is marked. Chain Metric chain Steel band chain Gnters Chain Revenue Chain Engineers chain 2. 4. The main purpose of surveying in civil engineering is to determine the three-dimensional relationships between different locations. Types of Measuring Tapes in Surveying . Instrument # 1. Wooden or Iron Pegs. Ranging rod. Instruments used for direct linear measurements include the Gunter's chain (known Traverse Surveying. 1st edition published in 1892. Offset Rods. Surveyor's compass. Tape. Methods of Traversing. ENGINEERS' SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS: THEIR CONSTRUCTION, ADJUSTMENT AND USE. Adjustable cross staff. Chain and compass traversing. By: Haseeb Jamal / On: Jan 17, 2017 / Surveying Equipment. 3. They are the metric chain, Gunters chain, engineers chain, revenue chain and steel band or band chain. The tape is made of yarn and metal wire. 20m chain 100 links. Every 5 centimeters is marked with an arrow in black. Chain or The whole of the work is done with the chain and tape. Civil surveying is an engineering operation that involves assessing and recording details about an area of land. by Ira O. Baker, C.E. All by A.W. Chain, 20m or 30m long; Tape; Arrows; Ranging rods; Wooden or Iron Pegs; Plumb bob; Cross staff; Chain used for Surveying. The range available with us is manufactured using premium grade raw material and tested severely for compliance with all existing national and international quality standards. Theodolite Surveying: The theodolite is an instrument that is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles. To mark the position of the end of the chain or tape on the ground. Watts theodolites is mainly used for: Surveying and engineering work; Measuring angular values in a traverse or network Geodetic Surveying. Tape. The equipment required in chain surveying includes the following: (i) A chain with a set of ten arrows. (iii) About one dozen ranging rods (the Instruments used in Chain Survey. Surveying Instruments used in Chaining Instruments used in Chaining The following instruments are required for measurements with chain and tape: (i) Arrows (ii) Pegs (iii) Ranging rods and Surveying Lecture 1. One is the 20m length and other is 30m length chain is divided into 2Engr.Shams Ul Islam (shams@cecos.edu.pk) 3. The chain is composed of 100 or 150 Instruments used in Surveying Instruments Used for Measuring Distance: 1. Chain Surveying is suitable for. Use. Instruments used in Chain Survey. Instruments Used in Chain Surveying Some of the main instruments that are used in chain surveying are: 1. Is that type of surveying in which the shape of the earth is taken into account. 3.1 Metric Chain. The principle of chain survey is Minor Instruments in Surveying MCQ Survey Engineering. Chain surveying, Instruments used in Chain surveying, Measuring instruments Marking instruments Metric chain Non metric chain Gunders chain Revenue chain Engineers chain Steel band Tape Pegs Ranging Rod Ranging poles Cross Staff Arrows. 1 links 20cm. 6.Cross Staffs 6. Analog or digital tape measures are often used for measurement of smaller distances. Survey Compass can be used as a simple compass in your pocket or use the augmented reality view to determine the bearing and elevation of objects in the distance. O is the point on the chain line MN where a perpendicular line is to be erected. The principle of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton framework of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are pre-determined either with a chain or a surveying tape. These observations can then be used to help plan construction projects. To indicate whether the line is vertical or not. #1. The original use of chainage in surveying involved very low technology a chain of 100 links. The latter is provided with 10 iron spikes (called arrows) with which The following instruments are required for measurements with chain and tape: [1] ARROWS When the length of the line to be measured is more than a chain length, there is 30m chain 150 links. 5. Range Rod (Ranging Rod). The following pdf lecture is created by GAURAV. There are two varieties of metric chains. Used for determining distance a linear measurement. Ranging rods 4 Nos. The following is a list of antique surveying instruments and tools with a brief and basic description of how they were used. 4. Original Chainage Method. 3.1.2.5 Setups Whenever possible, the instrument should be used in areas where operation is not dangerous to the instrument operator or the instrument. This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard. Ppt topographical survey nadi palmex co Chain Surveying Powerpoint Presentation Id 5625040 . Prism (surveying) (corner cube retroreflector) Prismatic compass (angle measurement) Ramsden surveying instruments. 1. Since triangle is the only figure that can be plotted with measurement of sides only, in chain surveying the area to be surveyed should be covered with a network of triangles. 15 Equipment For Chain Survey Survey Engineering. 2 Parts of Chains used in Surveying. Compass Surveying 3. Suitable for surveys of small extent on open ground. Pegs 4 Nos. Chain surveying is the branch of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. Triangulation is the principle of chain surveying. Metric surveying chains. Instrument used for chain surveying. Surveying is primarily utilised to fix the national and state boundaries, chart coastlines, A chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. Cloth or linen tape These triangles should Instruments used in surveying operations to measure vertical angles, horizontal angles, and distance. e are manufacturers, suppliers and exporters of a wide range of Chain Surveying Instruments. 2. Surveying is basically conducted for measuring the linear parameters as well as the angular parameters for the establishment of points by means of which the plans and maps can be prepared. Hammer. Q: ) If W is the weight of the chain, L is the span and P is the tension or pull, then the sag correction of chain line will be: Q: ) The hypotenuse allowance (in m) For 30 m long chain, if Plumbing Fork and Bob. Chain, 20m or 30m long; Tape; Arrows; Ranging rods; Wooden or Iron Pegs; Plumb bob; Cross staff; Chain used for Surveying. It derives its name from the fact that the principle equipment commonly
Offset Rods. Arrows. Arrows (chain Clarification: There can be 5 types of chains used for chain surveying. These links are joined by 3 circular or oval wire rings. Ranging Rods. 1) is made up of connected steel segments, or links, which each measure 20 cm. A metal ring is attached to the outer end of tapes. This video describe or explain about the various types of instruments used in chain surveying Every aspect of the life requires some measuring units. The length of the tape includes the metal ring. Distance is measured by mechanical devices (chain or steel tape) or by electronic means. P and Q are two points at equal distances from O. the distance between OP and OQ can be conveniently chosen. Arrows 10 Nos. Commonly used for measuring fields in cadastral Survey. Electronic Theodolite. The whole process of plane table surveying depends on the setup of the plane table in the right position. It is based on the same principles as the optical square and is used in same manner. Rs 45,000/ Unit.
As follows. Instruments Used in Chain Surveying (Survey Instruments) The necessary requirements for field work are Arrows (Arrows in Surveying) Chain or Tape Hammer Offset Rods Offset Rods Measurements are used to [] Arrows (Arrows in Surveying). Instruments for this purpose were initially imported from England and a lesser amount from the European continent. Chain Surveying Ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. For locating a number of points on a long survey line. It therefore, involves spherical trigonometry. Classify surveying based on instrument used. Tachymeter (surveying) Tape (surveying) Tellurometer. It is necessary for making map, planning a project etc. Equipment used in chain surveying. The chain is made up of steel wire which is divided into links and togs (rings) to facilitate folding. It has brass handles at both ends for easy handling. The link is 0.2m or 200mm in diameter. The length is 20m or 30m. In survey, a theodolite is an instrument mounted with a moveable telescope, used for precise measurements of horizontal and vertical angles. What Instruments are Used in Chain Surveying? 2. page 1643 new york cash money team lottery post. #1. There are several types of instruments used to set out a right angle to a chain line, the most common being Cross staff, Optical square and Prism square. Surveying with a chain/tape. There are three types of cross staff namely. Arrows 3. Different methods and instruments are being used to facilitate the work of surveying. Chain, 20m or 30m long. no angular Last modified: Thursday, 28 April 2011, 8:48 AM. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Leveling work The chain is driven by two chainmen called, respectively, the Backman (follower) and the Foreman (leader). With neat sketches, write a brief note on the following instruments used in chain surveying 30 m chain Ranging rod Cross staff Line range. Ranging rods. instrument from the case, carefully grip it with both hands, but do not grip the vertical circle standard or where pressure will be exerted on tubular or circular level vials. 3.2 Steel Band or Band Chain. Unit 1- Surveying. These rings offer flexibility to the chain. Equipment Used for Chain Surveying The various instruments that are used to determine the length of line by chaining The major instruments used for chain surveying is measuring chain. CE6304 SURVEYING I TWO MARKS UNIT-I FUNDAMENTALS AND CHAIN SURVEYING 1. Open cross staff. Links of chain are made by OBJECTIVE: To chain around the building to cover small area by chain triangulation INSTRUMENTS: Chain 20m / 30m 1 No. 3. The type of survey which involves a number of connected survey lines and form a frame work is called traverse surveying.. Chain: Chain is the most basic and vital instrument used for chain surveying. The following instruments are used while chaining: The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire called links, joined together with oval rings and handles at both ends. The end of each link are bent into a loop and connected together by means of three oval rings. lab #3: survey of an area by chain survey (closed traverse) 8 lab #4: chaining across obstacles 10 lab #5: chain surveying (mapping by tape) 15 lab #6: study of level and levelling staff 18 lab #7: differential or fly levelling reduce levels by h.i method 22 lab # 8: differential or fly levelling reduce levels by rise and fall method 24 Uses of Surveying Chain Surveying Instruments. It requires no adjustment, since the angle between reflecting surface In surveying, measurements may be made directly, electronically, by the use of optical instruments, by computations from known lines and angles, or by combination methods. 3. The main pieces of surveying equipment in use around the world are the following: theodolite, measuring tape, total station, 3D scanners, GPS/GNSS, level and rod. Based on the instrument used; surveys can be classified into; i) Chain tape surveys ii) Compass surveys iii) Plane table surveys iv) Theodolite surveys Here only linear measurements are made i.e. Prism Pole. Chains or tapes are used to measure distances on the field. Chain Surveying 1.0. Purposes to define Tapes are made of different materials: 1. French cross staff. are done in the office. Plain Table Surveying 4. Define surveying and list out its various classification. Surveying is classified based on various criteria including the instruments used, purpose, the area surveyed and the method used. 12/17/2017 SURVEYING and LEVELLING 49 INSTRUMENTS FOR SETTING RIGHT ANGLES For taking right-angled offsets, instruments used are cross staff, optical square, prism square.
1966. CHECK OUT Chain Surveying - Instruments used in Chaining .